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States of Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It exists in various states, each characterized by distinct properties and behaviors. The four primary states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Understanding these states helps us comprehend how matter interacts and changes under different conditions.

1. Solid
Characteristics: In solids, particles are closely packed together in a fixed arrangement. They have a definite shape and volume. The particles vibrate but do not move freely, which gives solids their rigidity.
Examples: Ice, wood, metal, and rocks.
2. Liquid
Characteristics: In liquids, particles are still close together but can move past one another. This allows liquids to flow and take the shape of their container while maintaining a definite volume. Liquids have a fixed volume but no fixed shape.
Examples: Water, oil, and juice.
3. Gas
Characteristics: In gases, particles are far apart and move freely at high speeds. Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume. They expand to fill the entire volume of their container, and their density is much lower than that of solids and liquids.
Examples: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and helium.
4. Plasma
Characteristics: Plasma is a state of matter where gas is energized until atomic electrons are no longer associated with their parent nuclei. It consists of charged particles (ions and electrons) and has no definite shape or volume. Plasma conducts electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.
Examples: The sun, lightning, and fluorescent lights.
Changes Between States
Matter can change from one state to another through processes such as:

Melting: Solid to liquid (e.g., ice melting to water).
Freezing: Liquid to solid (e.g., water freezing to ice).
Evaporation: Liquid to gas (e.g., water turning into steam).
Condensation: Gas to liquid (e.g., water vapor forming droplets).
Sublimation: Solid to gas without becoming liquid (e.g., dry ice turning into carbon dioxide gas).
Deposition: Gas to solid without becoming liquid (e.g., frost forming on surfaces).