Control Systems for Electric Vehicles – I | Introduction to Control Systems | Mathematical Modelling | Transfer Functions | Lecture 27

The Electric Vehicle lecture series now moves from power electronics and electric machines to the fundamentals of control systems. In this lecture, we begin by understanding what a control system is and why control is essential for achieving the desired performance of an EV. The concept of a plant, input, output, reference, and controller is introduced using practical examples such as EV motor speed control and cruise control.

The lecture then introduces different methods of system representation, including differential equations, transfer functions, and state-space representation. A mathematical model of a DC motor is developed from its electrical and mechanical equations, providing the foundation for analysing and designing EV motor control systems.

The concepts of Laplace transformation and transfer functions are subsequently introduced to convert differential equations into algebraic equations in the s-domain. The lecture covers poles, zeros, system order, standard test signals, first- and second-order system responses, and important time-domain specifications such as rise time, peak time, overshoot, and settling time.

Finally, the lecture introduces steady-state error, system type, stability, open-loop and closed-loop control, with EV-specific examples such as motor speed control and cruise control. The advantages of feedback control and the role of controllers in improving transient response, steady-state accuracy, and system robustness are discussed.

Topics Covered

Introduction to Control Systems
Control Systems in Electric Vehicles
Plant, Input, Output and Reference
System Representation
Differential Equation Modelling
Mathematical Modelling of DC Motor
Laplace Transform
Transfer Function
Poles, Zeros and System Order
Standard Test Signals
First-Order System Response
Second-Order System Response
Natural Frequency and Damping Ratio
Rise Time, Peak Time and Settling Time
Peak Overshoot
Steady-State Error
System Type and Error Constants
BIBO Stability
Open-Loop Control
Closed-Loop / Feedback Control
EV Cruise Control Example

Who Should Watch?

B.Tech. and M.Tech. students
Power Electronics and Control Systems learners
Electric Vehicle enthusiasts
GATE and ESE aspirants
Researchers working on EV control and electric drives
Engineers designing EV motor control systems

Recommended References

K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, 5th Edition.

Nise, Control Systems Engineering, 6th Edition.

R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimović, Fundamentals of Power Electronics.

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