This course offers an in-depth learning on ecosystem function, process, their unique characteristics and dynamics; this understanding is extended for urban ecosystem as the course delves into critical topics such as ecosystem theories and concepts, biodiversity, urban metabolism, urban imbalances, which thus helps to explain interactions between urban ecosystems and water, CO2, and methane. The course explores importance of ecosystem services (ESS) and nature-based solutions (NbS), providing insights into sustainable urban drainage systems, blue-green infrastructure, and transformative ecological strategies for climate adaptation and mitigation. This course acquaints attendees with ESS assessment, and application of cutting-edge techniques like GIS, remote sensing, used in GeoSM-NatEc toolbox to design sustainable and resilient cities of the future.