This lecture on Metal Casting focuses on enhancing casting performance by ensuring defect-free soundness, refining microstructure, and improving mechanical properties. It discusses proper casting procedures, post-casting heat treatments, corrective measures like repair welding, remelting, and surface deformation (shot peening, burnishing, friction stir processing), as well as grain refinement and phase modification through inoculation, vibration, and alloying to achieve stronger, more reliable castings .