This lecture proves the importance of groundwater study. India, with 4% of the world's water resources, is considered water-rich, supported by 12 major rivers and 46 medium rivers, covering significant catchment areas. Despite substantial monsoon rainfall, inadequate storage infrastructure limits the amount of water that can be reserved. This results in a spatial mismatch, where densely populated areas face water stress with per capita availability at 1545 m³ per year. Projections suggest a further decline in water availability to 1401 m³ by 2025 and 1191 m³ by 2050, potentially classifying India as a water-scarce country.