Acids, bases, buffers and pH, with physiological buffers and isotonicity adjustment methods. Pharmaceutical inorganic and analytical chemistry (BP106T), B.Pharm 1st semester, Unit 2 Part 1A, PCI 2026 syllabus.

Topics covered
• Acids, bases and conjugate pairs
• Buffer principles and the bicarbonate system
• pH measurement and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
• Tonicity, osmolality, cell volume and isotonicity adjustment

Chapters
00:00 Introduction
02:12 Acid, Base and Conjugate Pairs
13:04 Buffer Principles and Bicarbonate System
23:00 pH Measurement
31:15 Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
37:58 Tonicity, Osmolality and Cell Volume
44:36 Isotonicity Adjustment Methods

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