Question 1

? How can the SQL SUBSTRING function be used to extract a portion of a text string

Accepted Answer

The SQL SUBSTRING function is used to extract a portion of a text string based on a specified starting position and length. For example, to extract the first three characters from a text string, you would use the syntax: SELECT SUBSTRING(column_name, 1, 3) FROM table_name;. This function allows users to manipulate text data by extracting substrings based on specific criteria, facilitating tasks such as data cleansing, formatting, and analysis.

Question 2

?What is the difference between the SQL UPPER and LOWER functions

Accepted Answer

The SQL UPPER and LOWER functions are used to change the case of characters within a text string. The UPPER function converts all characters in the string to uppercase, while the LOWER function converts them to lowercase. For example, SELECT UPPER(column_name) FROM table_name; would return the values of the specified column with all characters converted to uppercase. Conversely, SELECT LOWER(column_name) FROM table_name; would return the values with all characters converted to lowercase. These functions are commonly used for standardizing text data and facilitating case-insensitive searches and comparisons in SQL queries.

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