the excretory system Physiology first year فسيولوجي جهاز الإخراج الفرقة الأولى

Autonomic nervous system physiology, This course provides an in-depth study of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), focusing on its structure, function, and role in regulating involuntary body activities. Learners will explore the two main divisions of the ANS—sympathetic and parasympathetic—and their impact on cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and endocrine functions. The course emphasizes neural pathways, neurotransmitters, and receptors that mediate autonomic responses, as well as mechanisms of homeostasis and adaptation to stress. Students will also examine clinical aspects, including disorders of autonomic regulation, pharmacological influences, and the role of the ANS in diseases such as hypertension, arrhythmias, and diabetes. Case studies and practical examples highlight how ANS physiology connects to real-life scenarios in medicine and healthcare. By the end, participants will have a solid understanding of the autonomic system’s role in maintaining balance and supporting critical functions essential to survival. المعهد الفني الصحي